| Page 1 | Page 2 | Page 3 |
Special Interest - Page 2
Special interest studies are those that were reviewed, are related to the topic area and considered of “interest” but do not specifically associate tomato or lycopene with a disease risk outcome in humans. These studies are generally older publications and focus on fruit and vegetable intake on disease risk; or in the case of newer investigations focus on mechanism of action in in vivo animal or in vitro models.
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: ednometerial | Goodman MT | Diet, body size, physical activity, and the risk of endometrial cancer. Goodman MT, Hankin JH, Wilkens LR, Lyu LC, McDuffie K, Liu LQ, Kolonel LN. Cancer Res. 1997 Nov 15;57(22):5077-85. |
1997 | Endometrial cancer is associated with increased weight and body size, diabetes, and other conditions that may result from an excessin calories or lack of physical activity. Although a few studies have explored the effect of dietary constituents on the risk of endometrialcancer, the nature of the joint association of these constituents and obesity, energy intake, or energy expenditure with risk is unknown. A population-based case-control study was conducted in Hawaii to examine the association of diet, body size, and physical activity with the risk of endometrial cancer. Subjects included 332 histologically confirmed, primary endometrial cancer cases and 511 controls identified between 1985 and 1993. Cases and controls were residents of Oahu, Hawaii who were between 18 and 84 years of age and were from one of the following ethnic groups: Japanese, Caucasian, Native Hawaiian, Filipino, and Chinese. Cases were identified through the Hawaii Tumor Registry and matched to the controls on age (+/-2.5 years) and ethnicity. In-person interviews, conducted in the subjects' homes, included dietary, reproductive, menstrual, and medical histories and use of exogenous hormones,physical activity, and other lifestyle variables. Weight, girth, and skinfold measurements were taken at the time of the interview. We found a strong dose-response relation of increased body size to the development of endometrial cancer after adjustment for energy intake. The odds ratio (OR) for endometrial cancer among women in the highest quartile of body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) was more than four times that among women in the lowest quartile. Waist, hip, midarm, and wrist girths were positively associated with the estimated risk of endometrial cancer after adjustment for total calories and other nondietary risk factors, although the trends in the ORs were attenuated after adjustment for BMI. Physically active women had a modest reduction in their risk of disease compared with inactive women. Cases consumed a greater percentage of their calories from fat and a lower percentage of their calories from carbohydrates than did controls. Adjustment for BMI reduced the ORs for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of fat calorie intake from 2.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.2) to 1.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.6), suggesting that part of the association is explained by obesity. There was a differential effect of fat on endometrial cancer according to BMI. For all components of fat, the associations with endometrial cancer were either minimal or absent among leaner women (i.e., those with BMI below the median), whereas, among more obese women, two-fold differences in risk were observed between women above and below the median of fat intake. Foods that are high in fat and cholesterol, such as red meat, margarine, and eggs, were positively associated with endometrial cancer, whereas cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits, particularly those high in lutein, were inversely associated. These findings suggest that women who avoid being overweight and who consume a diet low in plant and animal fats and high in complex carbohydrates are at a reduced risk of endometrial cancer. | CC | (-) Lutein (-) F/V |
||||
| Cancer: ednometerial | Goodman MT | Association of soy and fiber consumption with the risk of endometrial cancer. Goodman MT, Wilkens LR, Hankin JH, Lyu LC, Wu AH, Kolonel LN. Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Aug 15;146(4):294-306. |
1997 | The authors conducted a case-control study among the multi-ethnic population of Hawaii to examine the role of dietary soy, fiber, and related foods and nutrients on the risk of endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer cases (n = 332) diagnosed between 1985 and 1993 were identified from the five main ethnic groups in the state (Japanese, Caucasian, Native Hawaiian, Filipino, and Chinese) through the rapid-reporting system of the Hawaii Tumor Registry. Population controls (n = 511) were selected randomly from lists of female Oahu residents and matched to cases on age (+/-2.5 years) and ethnicity. All subjects were interviewed using a diet history questionnaire that included over 250 food items. Non-dietary risk factors for endometrial cancer included nulliparity, never using oral contraceptives, fertility drug use, use of unopposed estrogens, a history of diabetes mellitus or hypertension, and a high Quetelet's index (kg/cm2). Energy intake from fat, but not from other sources, was positively associated with the risk of endometrial cancer. The authors also found a positive, monotonic relation of fat intake with the odds ratios for endometrial cancer after adjustment for energy intake. The consumption of fiber, but not starch, was inversely related to risk after adjustment for energy intake and other confounders. Similar inverse gradients in the odds ratios were obtained for crude fiber, non-starch polysaccharide, and dietary fiber. Sources of fiber, including cereal and vegetable and fruit fiber, were associated with a 29-46% reduction in risk for women in the highest quartiles of consumption. Vitamin A and possibly vitamin C, but not vitamin E, were also inversely associated with endometrial cancer, although trends were not strong. High consumption of soy products and other legumes was associated with a decreased risk of endometrial cancer (p for trend = 0.01; odds ratio = 0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.26-0.83) for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of soy intake. Similar reductions in risk were found for increased consumption of other sources of phytoestrogens such as whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and seaweeds. Ethnic-specific analyses were generally consistent with these results. The observed dietary associations appeared to be largely independent of other risk factors, although the effects of soy and legumes on risk were limited to women who were never pregnant or who had never used unopposed estrogens. These data suggest that plant-based diets low in calories from fat, high in fiber, and rich in legumes (especially soybeans), whole grain foods, vegetables, and fruits reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. These dietary associations may explain in part the reduced rates of uterine cancer in Asian countries compared with those in the United States. | CC | (-) S/L (-) F/V |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: gastric | Correa P | Dietary determinants of gastric cancer in south Louisiana inhabitants. Correa P, Fontham E, Pickle LW, Chen V, Lin YP, Haenszel W. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1985 Oct;75(4):645-54. |
1985 | In south Louisiana, 391 recently diagnosed gastric cancer patients and an equal number of controls were interviewed. Questions asked covered residential and occupational histories, environmental exposures, tobacco use, diet, alcohol consumption, and pertinent demographic characteristics. Elevated relative risks were found for use of tobacco and alcohol products. Diet was found to be the main determinant of gastric cancer risk in south Louisiana. Both dietary patterns and dietary risk factors differed for blacks and whites, although fruits as a group and dietary vitamin C were found to exert strong protective effects for both blacks and whites. Consumption of smoked foods and homemade or home-cured meats increased risk of gastric cancer for blacks but not for whites. The findings are discussed in the light of the prevailing etiologic hypotheses. | CC | (-) Vit C |
||||
| Cancer: gastric | La Vecchia C | A case-control study of diet and gastric cancer in northern Italy. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Decarli A, D'Avanzo B, Franceschi S. Int J Cancer. 1987 Oct 15;40(4):484-9. |
1987 | Dietary factors in the aetiology of stomach cancer were investigated using data from a case-control study conducted in Northern Italy on 206 histologically confirmed carcinomas and 474 control subjects in hospital for acute, non-digestive conditions, unrelated to any of the potential risk factors for gastric cancer. Dietary histories concerned the frequency of consumption per week of 29 selected food items (including the major sources of starches, proteins, fats, fibres, vitamins A and C, nitrates and nitrites in the Italian diet) and subjective scores for condiments and salt intake. Pasta and rice (the major sources of starch), polenta (a porridge made of maize) and ham were positively related with gastric cancer risk, whereas green vegetables and fresh fruit as a whole (and specifically citrus fruit) and selected fibre-rich aliments (such as whole-grain bread or pasta) showed protective effects on gastric cancer risk. Allowance for major identified potential distorting factors (chiefly indicators of socio-economic status) reduced the positive association with pasta or rice consumption, but did not appreciably modify any of the other risk estimates. When a single logistic model was fitted including all food items significant in univariate analysis, the 3 items remaining statistically significant were green vegetables (relative risk, RR = 0.27 for upper vs. lower tertile), polenta (RR = 2.32) and ham (RR = 1.60). Indices of beta-carotene and ascorbate intake were negatively and strongly related with gastric cancer risk, but the association with these micronutrients was no longer evident after simultaneous allowance for various food items. An approximately 7-fold difference in risk was found between extreme quintiles of a scale measuring major positive and negative associations. | CC | (-) veg |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: gastric | Boeing H | Dietary risk factors in intestinal and diffuse types of stomach cancer: a multicenter case-control study in Poland. Boeing H, Jedrychowski W, Wahrendorf J, Popiela T, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, Kulig A. Cancer Causes Control. 1991 Jul;2(4):227-33. |
1991 | A hospital-based, multicenter, case-control study has been performed in Poland covering 741 incident stomach-cancer cases (520 males and 221 females) and the same number of controls. All stomach-cancer diagnoses were evaluated for histologic type according to the Lauren criteria. Fifty-one percent were of the intestinal type, 35 percent of the diffuse type, and 8.5 percent of the mixed type. The frequency of consumption of individual food items and several food groups was analyzed and the association of various foods with stomach cancer risk was evaluated after controlling for sex, age, occupation, education, and residency. Increased consumption of sausages was related significantly to gastric cancer risk, whereas increased consumption of cheese products, nonwhite bread, vegetables, and fruit was associated with decreased risk. A particularly strong decrease in risk was associated with consumption of radishes and onions. When consumption of fruits and vegetables, sausages, nonwhite bread, and cheese were introduced simultaneously in a multivariate model, independent effects were found only for fruit and vegetables, sausages, and nonwhite bread. The use of table salt, the frequency of eating hot meals, and an irregular eating pattern were also associated with increased risk, while additional consumption of fruit between meals showed reduced risk. If a reduction in vegetable and fruit consumption took place after marriage, an increased risk for stomach cancer was found, whereas augmented consumption of these food items after marriage decreased the risk. Separate risk models were calculated for stomach cancer of the intestinal and diffuse types, but both histologic varieties showed the same pattern of associations with dietary risk factors. | CC | (-) F/V |
||||
| Cancer: gastric | Tuyns AJ | Diet and gastric cancer. A case-control study in Belgium. Tuyns AJ, Kaaks R, Haelterman M, Riboli E. Int J Cancer. 1992 Apr 22;51(1):1-6. |
1992 | A case-control study was carried out in 2 Belgian provinces with contrasting gastric-cancer mortality. The results were analyzed for the total study group and also separately in each of the 4 sub-groups: men and women in each province. Only risks which appeared consistently in at least 3 of these 4 sub-groups were retained in the discussion. Consumption of most vegetables, either cooked or raw, and of fresh fruit was found to be protective. There was an increased risk associated with meal and flour products, including white bread. Added sugar also increased the risk of gastric cancer. Consumption of lean meat was associated with a decreased risk. There was no clear effect for most sources of fat, but for oils with a high P/S ratio there was a decreased risk. Together with our earlier finding on salt, these results are to a large extent similar to those of other recent studies on gastric cancer. | CC | (-) F/V |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: gastric | Ramon J M | Dietary factors and gastric cancer risk. A case-control study in Spain. Ramon JM, Serra L, Cerdo C, Oromi J. Cancer. 1993 Mar 1;71(5):1731-5. |
1993 | BACKGROUND. Evidence supports that gastric cancer has an environmental etiology, of which diet appears to be the most important component. The authors examined the effect of diet on the risk of gastric cancer. METHODS. A case-control study of dietary factors and gastric cancer was conducted between September 1986 and March 1989 in the Barcelona metropolitan area, Spain. One hundred seventeen cases with histologically confirmed diagnosis ofgastric adenocarcinoma were matched by age, gender, and whether they possessed a telephone to 234 community controls. One hundred eighty-eight (80.3%) controls were selected by random-digit telephone dialing and 46 (19.7%) by neighborhood of residence. Information about frequency and amount of consumption of 89 food items in one year was gathered by using a questionnaire, and cases and controls were interviewed in their homes by trained interviewers. Unconditional logistic regression was used for the analysis. RESULTS. Gastric cancer risk rose with increasing intake of smoked and pickled foods (OR 3.67 for upper tertile) and salt (OR 2.11 for upper quartile). Intake of citrus fruits (OR 0.47 for upper tertile) and raw-green vegetables (OR 0.56 for upper quartile) appeared to be protective. Gastric cancer risk was not associated with intake of cereals, rice, total vegetables, and fruits as a whole. CONCLUSIONS. These data suggest that high intake of salt and smoked and pickled food may be associated with a high risk of gastric cancer, and this association could be due to intragastric formation of nitrosamines. The negative association with citric and green vegetables consumption to be associated with the inhibition of nitrosation process. | CC | (-) Fcitrus (-) Vgreen |
||||
| Cancer: gastric | Gao C | Protective effect of allium vegetables against both esophageal and stomach cancer: a simultaneous case-referent study of a high-epidemic area in Jiangsu Province, China. Gao CM, Takezaki T, Ding JH, Li MS, Tajima K. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1999 Jun;90(6):614-21. |
1999 | To study the relation between allium vegetable intake and cancer of the esophagus (EC) and stomach (SC) in Yangzhong city, which is one of the highest-risk areas for these cancers in Jiangsu province, China, a simultaneous case-referent study was conducted using histopathologically confirmed cases (EC: n = 81, SC: n = 153) and population-based referents (n = 234). A questionnaire was used to collect information on the general status of subjects, their dietary habits, frequency intake of allium vegetables and other foods, tea consumption, smoking and alcohol drinking. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by a multiple logistic regression model. The results showed that frequent intake of allium vegetables (including garlic, onion, Welsh onion and Chinese chives), raw vegetables, tomatoes and snap beans, and tea consumption were inversely associated with the risk for EC and SC. In the highest consumption category (> or = 1 time/week) of garlic, onion, Welsh onion and Chinese chives, the adjusted ORs compared with the lowest category (< 1 time/month) were 0.30 (CI = 0.19-0.47), 0.25 (CI = 0.11-0.54), 0.15 (CI = 0.08-0.26), and 0.57 (CI = 0.23-1.42) for EC, and 0.31 (CI = 0.22-0.44), 0.17 (CI = 0.08-0.36), 0.22 (CI = 0.15-0.31) and 0.40 (CI = 0.17-0.94) for SC, respectively. The main results in the present study suggested that allium vegetables, like raw vegetables, may have an important protecting effect against not only stomach cancer, but also esophageal cancer. | CC |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: head & neck | Djuric Z | Levels of fat-soluble micronutrients and 2,6cyclolycopene-1,5-diol in head and neck cancer patients. Djuric Z, Ronis DL, Fowler KE, Ren J, Duffy SA. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2007 Nov;77(6):382-8. |
2007 | Smoking negatively affects serum carotenoid levels, and it is a negative prognostic factor for head and neck cancer. In this study, micronutrient levels were examined in 60 smoking and non-smoking head and neck cancer patients. The goal was to determine if oxidation of the carotenoid lycopene would occur to a greater extent in smokers. Subjects were drawn from a prospective cohort study and matched on seven demographic factors. Serum levels of alpha-carotene, zeaxanthin, and 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol A, an oxidation product of lycopene, were all lower in smokers versus non-smokers (18%, 22%, and 8%, respectively) while beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lutein were about the same in the two groups. Levels of lycopene, gamma-tocopherol, and alpha-tocopherol were higher in smokers, and notably serum alpha-tocopherol was 48% higher in smokers. The majority of vitamin E intake was from supplements. The higher levels of alpha-tocopherol in smokers were interesting in that higher alpha-tocopherol levels have been associated with higher mortality in head and neck cancer. Although this was a pilot investigation, there was no evidence that 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol A formation was appreciably affected by smoking status, but alpha-tocopherol levels were higher in smokers. | CS | Smokers had ↓ 2,6cyclopen e-1,5-diol A ↑ serum [lyco] |
||||
| Cancer: lung | Kvale G | Dietary habits and lung cancer risk. Kvale G, Bjelke E, Gart JJ. Int J Cancer. 1983 Apr 15;31(4):397405. |
1983 | A previously reported negative association between a high index of dietary vitamin A and lung cancer incidence was confirmed in an extended follow-up, covering 11 1/2 years, of 13,785 men and 2,928 women, Responses to a postal questionnaire provided the dietary information. Relationships between the major dietary items and lung cancer were explored for various diagnostic subsets of the 168 lung cancer cases diagnosed among the study subjects. Analyses were stratified for sex, age, residence characteristics, cigarette smoking and, at times, socioeconomic group. Although the data do not permit a firm interpretation in terms of risk enhancement by a marginal retinoid deficiency, we found that the apparent protection afforded by higher intakes of vitamin A or its provitamins was particularly strong for lung cancer appearing as squamous-cell carcinoma and among those with higher alcohol intakes. The individual food items which showed the strongest negative association with lung cancer were carrots and milk. These two items made a major contribution to the vitamin A index and its variation among the respondents. | PC | (-) Vit A |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: lung | Bond GG | Dietary vitamin A and lung cancer: results of a case-control study among chemical workers. Bond GG, Thompson FE, Cook RR. Nutr Cancer. 1987;9(2-3):109-21. |
1987 | A nested case-control study conducted among a cohort of chemical manufacturing employees provided an opportunity to test the hypothesis that lung cancer risk is inversely related to dietary intake of vitamin A. Eligible for study were 308 former male employees who had died of lung cancer between 1940 and 1980. Two control groups, one a decedent and the other a "living" series, were individually matched to the cases one-for-one. Interviews were completed with 734 subjects or their next-of-kin and included a food frequency list. A vitamin A index was developed for each subject based on the frequency of consumption of 29 food items. After adjustment for a number of potentially confounding variables (e.g., smoking, educational level, and use of vitamin supplements), there was evidence that vitamin A intake was inversely associated with lung cancer risk. The effect was most pronounced in the comparisons with the "living" controls and appeared strongest among cigarette smokers. Subjects in the lowest tertile of vitamin A intake had approximately twice the risk of lung cancer as those in the highest. Analyses of an index of carotenoids and of individual food items suggested that plant sources of vitamin A may play a more important role in producing the effect than do animal sources. | CC nested | (-) Vit A |
||||
| Cancer: lung | Fraser GE | Diet and lung cancer in California Seventh-day Adventists. Fraser GE, Beeson WL, Phillips RL. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Apr 1;133(7):68393. |
1991 | The Adventist Health Study, a cohort study of 34,198 California Seventh-day Adventists, identified 61 cases of new primary lung cancer over 6 years of follow-up (1977-1982). The population studied was unique in that only 4% admitted to current cigarette smoking and about half were lacto-ovovegetarians. A total of 36% of the lung tumors were adenocarcinomas, and 19% were squamous cell carcinomas. The expected associations with cigarette smoking were noted for Kreyberg group I tumors (squamous cell, large cell, and small cell carcinoma; relative risk (RR) = 53.2 for current smokers and 7.07 for past smokers), but much lesser associations were noted for Kreyberg group II tumors (adenocarcinoma and bronchoalveolar carcinoma; RR = 1.99 for current smokers and 1.59 for past smokers). In this study, fruit consumption was the dietary constituent that showed a strong, statistically significant protective association with lung cancer that was independent of smoking (fruit consumption less than 3 times/week, RR = 1.0; 3-7 times/week, RR = 0.30; greater than or equal to 2 times/day, RR = 0.26). This association was somewhat stronger for Kreyberg group II tumors, but similar trends were also noted for Kreyberg group I tumors. Confounding with smoking seems unlikely in a population with very few current smokers and where both stratification and Cox modeling methods of analysis led to similar conclusions. | PC | (-) F |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: lung | Harris RW | A case-control study of dietary carotene in men with lung cancer and in men with other epithelial cancers. Harris RW, Key TJ, Silcocks PB, Bull D, Wald NJ. Nutr Cancer. 1991;15(1):63-8. |
1991 | Dietary carotene intake during the year before diagnosis was estimated for 96 men with lung cancer, 75 men with other epithelial cancers, and 97 hospital controls. Relative to those of men in the lowest third of carotene intake (less than 1,683 micrograms/day), the smoking-adjusted odds ratios for men in the middle (1,683-2,698 micrograms/day) and upper (greater than 2,698 micrograms/day) thirds of carotene intake were 0.67 and 0.45, respectively, for lung cancer (one-sided test for trend, p = 0.048) and 0.63 and 0.65, respectively, for other epithelial cancers (one-sided test for trend p = 0.074). The protective effect of estimated dietary carotene intake was considerably stronger than was the effect of total intake of carotene-rich vegetables and fruits (grams per day), providing some evidence that the protective factor is carotene itself rather than another component of vegetables and fruits. | CC | (-) carotene |
||||
| Cancer: lung | Knekt P | Dietary antioxidants and the risk of lung cancer Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Seppanen R, Rissanen A, Aromaa A, Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Heinonen M, Pukkala E, Teppo L. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Sep 1;134(5):471-9 |
1991 | The relation between the intake of retinoids, carotenoids, vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium and the subsequent risk of lung cancer was studied among 4,538 initially cancer-free Finnish men aged 20-69 years. During a follow-up of 20 years beginning in 1966-1972, 117 lung cancer cases were diagnosed. Inverse gradients were observed between the intake of carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin C and the incidence of lung cancer among nonsmokers, for whom the age-adjusted relative risks of lung cancer in the lowest tertile of intake compared with that in the highest tertile were 2.5 (p value for trend = 0.04), 3.1 (p = 0.12), and 3.1 (p less than 0.01) for the three intakes, respectively. Adjustment for various potential confounding factors did not materially alter the results, and the associations did not seem to be due to preclinical cancer. In the total cohort, there was an inverse association between intake of margarine and fruits and risk of lung cancer. The relative risk of lung cancer for the lowest compared with the highest tertile of margarine intake was 4.0 (p less than 0.001), and that for fruits was 1.8 (p = 0.01). These associations persisted after adjustment for the micronutrient intakes and were stronger among nonsmokers. The results suggest that carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin C may be protective against lung cancer among nonsmokers. Food sources rich in these micronutrients may also have other constituents with independent protective effects against lung cancer. | PC | (-) carotenoi ds |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: lung | Sankaranarayana | A case-control study of diet and lung cancer in Kerala, south India. Sankaranarayanan R, Varghese C, Duffy SW, Padmakumary G, Day NE, Nair MK. Int J Cancer. 1994 Sep 1;58(5):644-9. |
1994 | A total of 281 male lung-cancer patients were identified from the hospital cancer registry in the Regional Cancer Centre in Trivandrum. The controls were selected from the visitors and patients' bystanders in the hospital. The recruitment of cases and controls started in 1990, and the present study used the cases registered in the first year. The questionnaire administered to cases and controls collected information on tobacco smoking and alcohol habits. Dietary data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire and were analyzed by multiple logistic regression producing odds ratio estimates of the relative risk and deviance chi-squared tests of significance. Analysis was done on the computer package, EGRET. All models included age, education, religion and smoking to adjust for the effect of confounding. Green vegetables and bananas were found to have a protective association with lung cancer. The odds ratio associated with the highest quartile of vegetable consumption compared with the lowest was 0.32 (95% confidence interval 0.13, 0.78). Forward stepwise regression analysis indicated pumpkins and onions as the most consistently significant protective factors. Animal protein foods and dairy products were found to have a predisposing effect on lung cancer in this study. The expected influence of smoking on lung cancer (a considerable increase in risk among smokers) provided evidence of the reliability of the data. In conclusion the results from this study show that diet has a role in lung cancer aetiology, although the association is weak compared to the effects of smoking. | CC | (-) veg |
||||
| Cancer: lung | Axelsson G | Dietary factors and lung cancer among men in west Sweden. Axelsson G, Liljeqvist T, Andersson L, Bergman B, Rylander R. Int J Epidemiol. 1996 Feb;25(1):32-9. |
1996 | BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported an association between tea drinking and lung cancer. In view of these data, the relationship between tea drinking as well as other dietary factors and lung cancer was investigated in a case-control study in the west of Sweden. METHODS: Patients with suspected lung cancer were collected from pulmonary units at central hospitals in the area investigated, and population controls were matched for age. The material reported here comprises 308 male cases with a confirmed diagnosis of lung cancer and 504 controls. The participants were interviewed by specially trained nurses, using a questionnaire to assess smoking, dietary habits, occupational exposures and conditions in the residential area (local air pollution). This paper reports the results from dietary factors studied with a food frequency technique. RESULTS: The results demonstrated a strong protective effect of vegetables (odds ratio [OR] = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.46-1.05, and OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.23-0.61 for intermediate and high consumption classes respectively). A low OR was consistent for all histological types of lung cancer. High consumption of fruits did not show any similar protective effect. Drinking milk was associated with a dose-response related risk increase after adjustment for smoking and vegetable consumption (P for trend = 0.07). Odds ratio was 1.73, 95% CI: 1.00-3.01 for high consumption of milk. CONCLUSIONS: High intake of vegetables had a strong protective effect among males. Diet is thus a potential confounding factor in studies on lung cancer and environmental factors and should thus be taken into consideration in the planning of such studies. |
CC | (-) veg |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: lung | Omenn GS | Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL, Valanis B, Williams JH, Barnhart S, Hammar S. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 2;334(18):1150-5. |
1996 | BACKGROUND. Lung cancer and cardiovascular disease are major causes of death in the United States. It has been proposed that carotenoids and retinoids are agents that may prevent these disorders. METHODS. We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled primary prevention trial -- the Beta Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial -- involving a total of 18,314 smokers, former smokers, and workers exposed to asbestos. The effects of a combination of 30 mg of beta carotene per day and 25,000 IU of retinol (vitamin A) in the form of retinyl palmitate per day on the primary end point, the incidence of lung cancer, were compared with those of placebo. RESULTS. A total of 388 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed during the 73,135 person-years of follow-up (mean length of follow-up, 4.0 years). The active-treatment group had a relative risk of lung cancer of 1.28 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.57; P=0.02), as compared with the placebo group. There were no statistically significant differences in the risks of other types of cancer. In the active-treatment group, the relative risk of death from any cause was 1.17 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.33); of death from lung cancer, 1.46 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.07 to 2.00); and of death from cardiovascular disease, 1.26 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.61). On the basis of these findings, the randomized trial was stopped 21 months earlier than planned; follow-up will continue for another 5 years. CONCLUSIONS. After an average of four years of supplementation, the combination of beta carotene and vitamin A had no benefit and may have had an adverse effect on the incidence of lung cancer and on the risk of death from lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and any cause in smokers and workers exposed to asbestos. | RCT | Study that was stopped due to increase death w/ supple. | ||||
| Cancer: lung | Speizer B | Prospective study of smoking, antioxidant intake, and lung cancer in middle-aged women (USA). Speizer FE, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Rosner B, Hennekens C. Cancer Causes Control. 1999 Oct;10(5):475-82. |
1999 | BACKGROUND: Although substantial evidence suggests that higher intake of fruits and vegetables can reduce the adverse impact of smoking on lung cancer risk, great uncertainty exists regarding the specific foods and their constituents that are protective. We therefore examine prospectively the relation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer incidence among women, and quantify the associations between dietary antioxidants, other nutrients, and lung cancer risk. METHODS: In a 16-year prospective cohort study (the Nurses' Health Study), 593 cases of lung cancer were confirmed during 1,793,327 person-years of follow-up. Dietary data, including vitamin supplement use and food intake, were collected in 1980 using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: The risk of lung cancer increased with the number of cigarettes smoked and with early onset of cigarette smoking. The risk decreased rapidly with the discontinuation of smoking but took 15 years to fall to about the level of risk for women who had never smoked. Dietary intake of fat was not related to the risk of lung cancer. Although beta-carotene intake was not related to risk, intake of carrots showed a strong inverse relation: women who reported consuming five or more carrots per week had a relative risk of 0.4 (95% CI = 0.2-0.8) compared with the risk for women who never ate carrots. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is the most important risk factor for lung cancer in women, as it is in men. Higher vegetable consumption, particularly of carrots, may significantly reduce the risk of lung cancer, but dietary modification cannot be considered a substitute for smoking prevention and cessation. | PC | (-) carrots |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: lung | Voorrips LE | Vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer. Voorrips LE, Goldbohm RA, Verhoeven DT, van Poppel GA, Sturmans F, Hermus RJ, van den Brandt PA. Cancer Causes Control. 2000 Feb;11(2):101-15. |
2000 | OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to study the association between vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer incidence using 1074 cases after 6.3 years of follow-up in the Netherlands Cohort Study. METHODS: Dietary intake was assessed using a 150-item food-frequency questionnaire. Multivariate models were used including age, sex, family history of lung cancer, highest educational level attained, and smoking history. RESULTS: Statistically significant inverse associations were found with total vegetables and most vegetable groups. Rate r atios (RRs) based on consumption frequency showed the strongest effect of vegetables from the Brassica group (RR 0.5, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.3-0.9, for consumption > or = 3 times per week versus < or = once a month). RR of highest versus lowest quintile of total vegetable consumption was 0.7 (95% CI 0.5-1.0, p-trend 0.001). Statistically significant inverse associations were found for all fruits listed in the questionnaire. RRs for quintiles of total fruit intake were 1.0, 0.7, 0.6, 0.6 and 0.8 respectively (p-trend < 0.0001). Protective effects of fruits and vegetables were stronger in current than in former smokers, and weaker for adenocarcinomas than for other types of tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Inverse associations with lung cancer are found for both vegetable and fruit intake, but no specific type of vegetable or fruit seems to be particularly responsible. |
PC | (-) F/V |
||||
| Cancer: lung | Wright ME | Dietary carotenoids, vegetables, and lung cancer risk in women: the Missouri women's health study (United States). Wright ME, Mayne ST, Swanson CA, Sinha R, Alavanja MC. Cancer Causes Control. 2003 Feb;14(1):85-96. |
2003 | OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of specific dietary carotenoids and their primary plant food sources on lung cancer risk in a population-based case-control study of women. METHODS: Data were available for 587 incident primary lung cancer cases and 624 controls frequency matched to cases based on age. A modified version of the 100-item NCI-Block food-frequency questionnaire was used to obtain information concerning usual diet 2-3 years prior to interview. RESULTS: In models adjusted for age, total calorie intake, pack-years of smoking, and education, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin, and total carotenoid intake were each associated with a significantly lower risk of lung cancer. Several vegetable groups were predictive of lower lung cancer risk, particularly the frequency of total vegetable intake. Individual and total carotenoids were no longer significantly associated with lower lung cancer risk in models adjusted for total vegetable intake. However, total vegetable intake remained significantly inversely associated with risk in models adjusted for total carotenoids. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that consumption of a wide variety of vegetables has a greater bearing on lung cancer risk in a population of smoking and nonsmoking women than intake of any specific carotenoid or total carotenoids. |
CC |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer:pancreatic | Mills P K | Dietary habits and pastmedical history as related to fatal pancreas cancer risk among Adventists. Mills PK, Beeson WL, Abbey DE, Fraser GE, Phillips RL. Cancer. 1988 Jun 15;61(12):2578-85. |
1988 | Epidemiologic studies of diet and pancreas cancer are few, and include ecologic comparisons and a limited number of prospective and case-control studies. Foods and/or nutrients that have been suggested to be associated with increased risk of this cancer include total fat intake, eggs, animal protein, sugar, meat, coffee and butter. Consumption of raw fruits and vegetables has been consistently associated with decreased risk. Dietary habits and medical history variables were evaluated in a prospective study of fatal pancreas cancer among 34,000 California Seventh-day Adventists between 1976 and 1983. Forty deaths from pancreas cancer occurred during the follow-up period. Compared to all US whites, Adventists experienced decreased risk from pancreas cancer death (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 72 for men; 90 for women), which was not statistically significant. Although there was a suggestive relationship between increasing meat, egg, and coffee consumption and increased pancreatic cancer risk, these variables were not significantly related to risk after controlling for cigarette smoking. However, increasing consumption of vegetarian protein products, beans, lentils, and peas as well as dried fruit was associated with highly significant protective relationships to pancreas cancer risk. A prior history of diabetes was associated with increased risk of subsequent fatal pancreas cancer, as was a history of surgery for peptic or duodenal ulcer. A history of tonsillectomy was associated with a slight, nonsignificant protective relationship as was history of various allergic reactions. These findings suggest that the protective relationships associated with frequent consumption of vegetables and fruits high in protease-inhibitor content are more important than any increase in pancreas cancer risk attendant on frequent consumption of meat or other animal products. Furthermore, the previously reported positive associations between diabetes and abdominal surgery and pancreas cancer risk are supported in these data. | PC | (-) Veg (-) L |
||||
| Cancer: prostate | Meyer F | Dietary energy and nutrients in relation to preclinical prostate cancer. Meyer F, Bairati I, Fradet Y, Moore L. Nutr Cancer. 1997;29(2):120-6. |
1997 | Previous studies of diet and prostate cancer have focused on advanced disease and have suggested a positive association with saturated fat intake. We report a study assessing the relationship between diet and preclinical prostate cancer. A total of 215 men with preclinical prostate cancer and 593 controls with no evidence of cancer participated in a case-control study conducted in Quebec City between October 1990 and May 1993. The study population comprised two groups: men treated surgically for benign prostatic hypertrophy and participants in a prostate cancer screening program. Trained nutritionists interviewed the participants on their usual diet using a diet history questionnaire. Odds ratios for prostate cancer associated with quartiles of dietary intake and P values for trend were estimated by logistic regression while controlling for age, education, group, and family history of prostate cancer. A positive association was observed between total energy intake and preclinical prostate cancer (p = 0.004). The odds ratios for prostate cancer increased with each quartile of energy intake: 1.00, 1.77, 1.90, and 2.67. After adjustment for energy, nutrients were not associated with prostate cancer. This study provides some evidence that total energy intake is related to preclinical prostate cancer and suggests that diet could be involved earlier than thought in the occurrence of prostate cancer. | CC |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: prostate | Schuurman AG | Vegetable and fruit consumption and prostate cancer risk: a cohort study in The Netherlands. Schuurman AG, Goldbohm RA, Dorant E, van den Brandt PA. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998 Aug;7(8):673-80. |
1998 | The association between 21 vegetables and eight fruits and prostate cancer risk was assessed in the Netherlands Cohort Study among 58,279 men of ages 55-69 years at baseline in 1986. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 610 cases with complete vegetable data and 642 cases with complete fruit data were available for analysis. In multivariate case-cohort analyses, the following rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for vegetable consumption were found (comparing highest versus lowest quintile): total vegetables (RR, 0.80; CI, 0.57-1.12); prepared vegetables (RR, 0.85; CI, 0.61-1.19); and raw vegetables (RR, 0.96; CI, 0.69-1.34). For vegetables categorized in botanical groups, no associations were found except for consumption of pulses (RR, 0.71; CI, 0.51-0.98; P for trend, 0.01). The RRs for total fruit and citrus fruit were 1.31 (CI, 0.96-1.79) and 1.27 (CI, 0.93-1.73), respectively; the corresponding Ps for trend were 0.02 and 0.01, respectively. In a continuous model, no association for total fruit was observed. Individual vegetables and fruits were evaluated as continuous variables (g/day). Nonsignificant inverse associations (RRs per increment of 25 g/day) were found for consumption of kale (RR, 0.74), raw endive (RR, 0.72), mandarins (RR, 0.75), and raisins or other dried fruit (RR, 0.49). Observed positive associations were significant for consumption of leek (RR, 1.38) and oranges (RR, 1.07) and nonsignificant for sweet peppers (RR, 1.60) and mushrooms (RR, 1.49). Results in subgroups of cases were more or less consistent with the overall results. From our study, we cannot conclude that vegetable consumption is important in prostate cancer etiology, but for certain vegetables or fruits, an association cannot be excluded. | PC | N F/V |
||||
| Cancer: prostate | Deneo-Pellegrini | Foods, nutrients and prostate cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay. Deneo-Pellegrini H, De Stefani E, Ronco A, Mendilaharsu M. Br J Cancer. 1999 May;80(3-4):591-7. |
1999 | A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer was conducted in Montevideo, Uruguay involving 175 cases and 233 controls. When the highest quartile of intake was compared with the lowest, positive findings were obtained for red meat intake (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.8), desserts (OR 1.8, 95% CI 0.9-3.3), total energy (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.4) and total fat intake (OR 1.8, 95% CI 0.9-3.4). On the other hand, vegetables and fruits (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.9), vitamin C (OR 0.4, 95% 0.2-0.8) and vitamin E (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.3-1.1) were associated with reduced risks of prostate cancer. Possible mechanisms are discussed. | CC | (-) F/V |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: prostate | Norrish AE | Men who consume vegetable oils rich in monounsaturated fat: their dietary patterns and risk of prostate cancer (New Zealand). Norrish AE, Jackson RT, Sharpe SJ, Skeaff CM. Cancer Causes Control. 2000 Aug;11(7):609-15. |
2000 | OBJECTIVES: To investigate (i) dietary patterns associated with consumption of vegetable oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and (ii) the risk of prostate cancer associated with consumption of these oils. METHODS: A population-based case-control study was conducted in Auckland, New Zealand, involving 317 prostate cancer cases and 480 controls. A food-frequency questionnaire was used to collect data concerning consumption of MUFA-rich vegetable oils (including olive oil, canola or peanut oil) and other dietary variables. Biomarkers for fatty acids were measured n erythrocytes. RESULTS: The group of participants who reported regular consumption of greater than 5.5 ml of MUFA-rich vegetable oils per day had a diet relatively high in monounsaturated fat, vegetables, lycopene, vitamin E, selenium, and n-3 fish oils. Increasing levels of MUFA-rich vegetable oil intake were associated with a progressive reduction in prostate cancer risk (multivariate relative risk = 0.5; 95% confidence interval 0.3-0.9; > 5.5 ml per day vs. nonconsumption, p trend = 0.005), and similar trends were observed across all strata of socioeconomic status. Prostate cancer risk was not associated with intake of total MUFA or the major animal food sources of MUFA. CONCLUSION: This finding may be explained by the protective effect of an associated dietary pattern high in antioxidants and fish oils, an independent protective effect of MUFA-rich vegetable oils unrelated to the MUFA component, or a combination of these factors. |
CC | (-) Veg & oil |
||||
| Cancer: prostate | Miyata Y | Serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3/prostate-specific antigen ratio is a useful predictive marker in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Miyata Y, Sakai H, Hayashi T, Kanetake H. Prostate. 2003 Feb 1;54(2):125-32. |
2003 | BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) play an important role in regulation of prostate cancer cell growth. We studied the prognostic significance of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels, and IGF-1/prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and IGFBP-3/PSA ratios in patients with prostate cancer. METHODS: Serum levels of IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and PSA were determined in 112 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. Serum samples from 32 patients with histologically confined benign prostatatic hyperplasia (BPH) served as control. RESULTS: Serum IGF-1 levels were significantly higher in advanced prostate cancer (n = 84) than in BPH patients (P < 0.01). IGFBP-3 levels were significantly lower in patients with advanced prostate cancer than in localized tumor (n = 28) or BPH (P < 0.05, each). Univariate analysis showed that serum PSA, IGF-1/PSA ratio, IGFBP-3/PSA ratio, T, N and M classifications correlated significantly with relapse-free survival of advanced prostate cancer patients treated with hormonal therapy. Multivariate analysis identified IGFBP-3/PSA ratio as the only significant variable for relapse-free survival (odds ratio 5.81, 95% CI 1.57-21.51). IGFBP-3/PSA ratio was also an independent predictor of cause-specific survival (stepwise analysis, odds ratio 4.86, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that IGFBP-3/PSA ratio might be a useful prognostic marker of advanced prostate cancer. |
CC |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: prostate | Dewell A | A very-low-fat vegan diet increases intake of protective dietary factors and decreases intake of pathogenic dietary factors. Dewell A, Weidner G, Sumner MD, Chi CS, Ornish D. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Feb;108(2):347-56. |
2008 | There is increasing evidence that dietary factors in plant-based diets are important in the prevention of chronic disease. This study examined protective (eg, antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids, and fiber) and pathogenic (eg, saturated fatty acids and cholesterol) dietary factors in a very-low-fat vegan diet. Ninety-three early-stage prostate cancer patients participated in a randomized controlled trial and were assigned to a very-low-fat (10% fat) vegan diet supplemented with soy protein and lifestyle changes or to usual care. Three-day food records were collected at baseline (n=42 intervention, n=43 control) and after 1 year (n=37 in each group). Analyses of changes in dietary intake of macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, and isoflavones from baseline to 1 year showed significantly increased intake of most protective dietary factors (eg, fiber increased from a mean of 31 to 59 g/day, lycopene increased from 8,693 to 34,464 mug/day) and significantly decreased intake of most pathogenic dietary factors (eg, saturated fatty acids decreased from 20 to 5 g/day, cholesterol decreased from 200 to 10 mg/day) in the intervention group compared to controls. These results suggest that a very-low-fat vegan diet can be useful in increasing intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and minimizing intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases. | RCT | dietary interv feasibility | ||||
| Cancer: prostate | Liu X | Lycopene inhibits IGF-I signal transduction and growth in normal prostate epithelial cells by decreasing DHT-modulated IGF-I production in co-cultured reactive stromal cells. Liu X, Allen JD, Arnold JT, Blackman MR. Carcinogenesis. 2008 Apr;29(4):816-23. Epub 2008 Feb 17. |
2008 | Prostate stromal and epithelial cell communication is important in prostate functioning and cancer development. Primary human stromal cells from normal prostate stromal cells (PRSC) maintain a smooth muscle phenotype, whereas those from prostate cancer (6S) display reactive and fibroblastic characteristics. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stimulates insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production by 6S but not PSRC cells. Effects of reactive versus normal stroma on normal human prostate epithelial (NPE or PREC) cells are poorly understood. We co-cultured NPE plus 6S or PRSC cells to compare influences of different stromal cells on normal epithelium. Because NPE and PREC cells lose androgen receptor (AR) expression in culture, DHT effects must be modulated by associated stromal cells. When treated with camptothecin (CM), NPE cells, alone and in stromal co-cultures, displayed a dose-dependent increase in DNA fragmentation. NPE/6S co-cultures exhibited reduced CM-induced cell death with exposure to DHT, whereas NPE/PRSC co-cultures exhibited CM-induced cell death regardless of DHT treatment. DHT blocked CM-induced, IGF-I-mediated, NPE death in co-cultured NPE/6S cells without, but not with, added anti-IGF-I and anti-IGF-R antibodies. Lycopene consumption is inversely related to human prostate cancer risk and inhibits IGF-I and androgen signaling in rat prostate cancer. In this study, lycopene, in dietary concentrations, reversed DHT effects of 6S cells on NPE cell death, decreased 6S cell IGF-I production by reducing AR and beta-catenin nuclear localization and inhibited IGF-I-stimulated NPE and PREC growth, perhaps by attenuating IGF-I's effects on serine phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3beta and tyrosine phosphorylation of GSK3. This study expands the understanding of the preventive mechanisms of lycopene in prostate cancer. | Cell culture | (-) ↓ NPE & PREC cell growth ↓ IGF-1 |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer: prostate | Wilkinson S | The use of complementary therapy by men with prostate cancer in the UK. Wilkinson S, Farrelly S, Low J, Chakraborty A, Williams R, Wilkinson S. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008 Sep;17(5):492-9. Epub 2008 Jul 10. |
2008 | The study aims were to determine the use of complementary therapies (CT) by men with prostate cancer, and to explore factors influencing CT use and attitudes toward CT use. A cross-sectional survey design was used in which a postal questionnaire was mailed to an eligible sample of 405 patients with prostate cancer receiving outpatient treatment in a London teaching hospital. The primary outcomes were the prevalence of CT use and the relationship between CT use and mental health status. Two hundred and ninety-four patients (73%) responded, of whom 25% were using CT. The most frequently used CTs were vitamins, low-fat diets, lycopene and green tea. Multivariate analyses revealed no differences in mental health scores between CT users and non-users. CT users were younger (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.89-0.97) and were more likely to be receiving conservative management in the form of 'active surveillance' (OR 5.23, 95% CI 1.78-15.41) compared with non-users. Over half of the participants (55%) wanted to learn more about CT. Forty-three per cent of CT users had not informed any doctor about their CT use. Clinicians need to be aware of the prevalence of CT use amongst patients with prostate cancer, considering the potential harm that could be caused by interactions with conventional treatments. | CS | N | ||||
| Diabetes | Sugiura M | The homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index is inversely associated with serum carotenoids in non-diabetic subjects. Sugiura M, Nakamura M, Ikoma Y, Yano M, Ogawa K, Matsumoto H, Kato M, Ohshima M, Nagao A. J Epidemiol. 2006 Mar;16(2):71-8. |
2006 | BACKGROUND: Carotenoids may reduce the risk for diabetes mellitus, but little is known about the association of insulin resistance with serum carotenoids in non-diabetic subjects. This study aimed to investigate whether the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index would be lower in the presence of high serum carotenoid concentrations in non-diabetic subjects. METHODS: A total of 812 subjects (256 males and 556 females) who had received health examinations in 2003 participated in the study. The associations of the serum-carotenoid concentrations and HOMA-IR were evaluated cross-sectionally. The multivariate-adjusted geometric means of HOMA-IR by the tertiles of the serum carotenoid concentration were calculated after adjusting for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, current tobacco use, regular alcohol intake, exercise habits and total energy intake. Associations among high HOMA-IR (3.0+mUxmmol/L2) across tertiles of serum carotenoid concentration were assessed by tests for logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In male subjects, the multivariate adjusted geometric mean of HOMA-IR was inversely associated with the serum beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations. In female subjects, an inverse association of the serum carotenoid concentration and HOMA-IR was observed in lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin. The confounding factor-adjusted odds ratios (OR) for high HOMA-IR on the highest tertiles of serum alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin were 0.18 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.06-0.52], 0.22 (95% CI: 0.07-0.67), 0.34 (95% CI: 0.12-0.96), and 0.30 (95% CI: 0.11-0.79), respectively, in male subjects. On the other hand, in female subjects, the adjusted OR for high HOMA-IR on the highest tertiles of serum lycopene and beta-cryptoxanthin were 0.39 (95% CI: 0.21-0.73) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.28-0.95), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The serum antioxidant carotenoids were inversely associated with HOMA-estimated insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects. |
CS | (-) | HOMA-IR |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes Vit C | Davison GW | Molecular detection of exercise-induced free radicals following ascorbate prophylaxis in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a randomised controlled trial. Davison GW, Ashton T, George L, Young IS, McEneny J, Davies B, Jackson SK, Peters JR, Bailey DM. Diabetologia. 2008 Nov;51(11):2049-59. Epub 2008 Sep 4. |
2008 | AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus are more susceptible than healthy individuals to exercise-induced oxidative stress and vascular endothelial dysfunction, which has important implications for the progression of disease. Thus, in the present study, we designed a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the original hypothesis that oral prophylaxis with vitamin C attenuates rest and exercise-induced free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: All data were collected from hospitalised diabetic patients. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic detection of spin-trapped alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) adducts was combined with the use of supporting markers of lipid peroxidation and non-enzymatic antioxidants to assess exercise-induced oxidative stress in male patients with type 1 diabetes (HbA(1c) 7.9 +/- 1%, n = 12) and healthy controls (HbA(1c) 4.6 +/- 0.5%, n = 14). Following participant randomisation using numbers in a sealed envelope, venous blood samples were obtained at rest, after a maximal exercise challenge and before and 2 h after oral ingestion of 1 g ascorbate or placebo. Participants and lead investigators were blinded to the administration of either placebo or ascorbate treatments. Primary outcome was the difference in changes in free radicals following ascorbate ingestion. RESULTS: Six diabetic patients and seven healthy control participants were randomised to each of the placebo and ascorbate groups. Diabetic patients (n = 12) exhibited an elevated concentration of PBN adducts (p < 0.05 vs healthy, n = 14), which were confirmed as secondary, lipid-derived oxygen-centred alkoxyl (RO.) radicals (a(nitrogen) = 1.37 mT and abeta(hydrogen) = 0.18 mT). Lipid hydroperoxides were also selectively elevated and associated with a depression of retinol and lycopene (p < 0.05 vs healthy). Vitamin C supplementation increased plasma vitamin C concentration to a similar degree in both groups (p < 0.05 vs pre-supplementation) and attenuated the exercise-induced oxidative stress response (p < 0.05 vs healthy). There were no selective treatment differences between groups in the primary outcome variable. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These findings are the first to suggest that oral vitamin C supplementation provides an effective prophylaxis against exercise-induced free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in human diabetic blood. Clinical trials registration number: | RCT | |||||
| Dietary Patterns | Lopez-Garcia E | Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Fung TT, Meigs JB, Rifai N, Manson JE, Hu FB. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;80(4):1029-35. |
2004 | BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction is one of the mechanisms linking diet and the risk of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the hypothesis that dietary patterns (summary measures of food consumption) are directly associated with markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, particularly C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6, E-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1). DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 732 women from the Nurses' Health Study I cohort who were 43-69 y of age and free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitus at the time of blood drawing in 1990. Dietary intake was documented by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire in 1986 and 1990. Dietary patterns were generated by using factor analysis. RESULTS: A prudent pattern was characterized by higher intakes of fruit, vegetables, legumes, fish, poultry, and whole grains, and a Western pattern was characterized by higher intakes of red and processed meats, sweets, desserts, French fries, and refined grains. The prudent pattern was inversely associated with plasma concentrations of CRP (P = 0.02) and E-selectin (P = 0.001) after adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. The Western pattern showed a positive relation with CRP (P < 0.001), interleukin 6 (P = 0.006), E-selectin (P < 0.001), sICAM-1 (P < 0.001), and sVCAM-1 (P = 0.008) after adjustment for all confounders except BMI; with further adjustment for BMI, the coefficients remained significant for CRP (P = 0.02), E-selectin (P < 0.001), sICAM-1 (P = 0.002), and sVCAM-1 (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Because endothelial dysfunction is an early step in the development of atherosclerosis, this study suggests a mechanism for the role of dietary patterns in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. |
CS | (-) F/V |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food intake methods | Ishihara J | Food frequency questionnaire is a valid tool in the nutritional assessment of Brazilian women of diverse ethnicity. Ishihara J, Iwasaki M, Kunieda CM, Hamada GS, Tsugane S. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(1):76-80. |
2009 | The objective of this study was to validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used to estimate energy and selected nutrient intake in a Brazilian population with various ethnic backgrounds. Validity of intake estimated using the FFQ was tested among 55 Brazilian women, namely 26 Caucasians, 15 of Japanese descent, and 14 others. The FFQ was originally developed for use in a case-control study of breast cancer conducted in Sao Paulo. Dietary records (DRs) recorded in two seasons were used as references. Intake of energy and 24 nutrients were calculated using the USDA and Japanese food composition tables. Validity and reproducibility were evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficients. Results showed that intake of chicken/poultry, eggs and legumes were overestimated by the FFQ compared to the DR, whereas that of pork and fat was underestimated. Further, intake of folate, fiber and isoflavones was overestimated by the FFQ whereas that of energy, fat, carbohydrate alpha-carotene and lycopene was underestimated. Energy-adjusted correlation coefficients between nutrient intakes estimated with the FFQ and DR were high for isoflavones (0.76), calcium (0.50), and vitamin C (0.49). In contrast, validity varied from moderately high to low for energy and other nutrients. In conclusion, validity of the FFQ for estimation of the intake of selected nutrients among Brazilian women with varied ethnic background was moderately high. | CS | Validity testing lyco intake was underesti mated |
||||
| Food intake methods | Wawrzyniak A | [Comparative assessment of carotenoids intake by food frequency questionnaire and 4-day dietary food records method] Wawrzyniak A, Hamuaka J. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2009;60(1):25-9. |
2009 | The aim of the work was comparative assessment of beta-carotene, lycopene and lutein intake by two methods: food frequency questionnaire and 4-day dietary food records. Subjects were 130 female volunteers, aged 18 to 25 years, Warsaw University of Life Sciences students. Data were collected in spring/summer 2005. Intakes of beta-carotene (3.62 vs. 3.49 mg/day per person), lycopene (4.54 vs. 4.05 mg/day per person) and lutein (2.50 vs. 2.12 mg/day per person, respectively) estimated these methods were not statistically significant. The mean differences in intakes assessed were higher for food frequency questionnaire (respectively 3.7% for beta-carotene; 12.1% for lycopene; 1.9% for lutein). Statistically significant Pearson correlations were observed between estimation of carotenoids intake by two methods (r = 0.82 for beta-carotene, r = 0.75 for lycopene, r = 0.73 for lutein; p < 0.001). Main sources of beta-carotene were vegetables supplied 90% of this carotenoid (therein carrot 54%). Tomato products and fresh tomatoes contributed 60-61% and 30% of lycopene/day respectively. Sources of lutein were fresh vegetables contributed to diet 54-60% of lutein (therein leafy vegetables 25-30%). | CS | N Diff between FFQ and FR no sig |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food intake Patterns | Kant AK | A comparison of three dietary pattern indexes for predicting biomarkers of diet and disease. Kant AK, Graubard BI. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Aug;24(4):294-303. |
2005 | OBJECTIVE: Examination of dietary indexes in association with objective biomarkers of dietary intake and chronic disease risk is an important step in their validation. We compared three dietary pattern indexes-Healthy Eating Index (HEI), Recommended Foods Score (RFS-24 hour recall), and Dietary Diversity Score for recommended foods (DDS-R)-for their ability to predict biomarkers of dietary intake, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. METHODS: We used dietary and laboratory data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to study these associations in 8719 disease-free adults aged > or =20 y. The HEI, developed by the USDA, was a sum of scores on consideration of ten individual components; the RFS was a sum of all recommended foods (lean meat, poultry and fish, whole grains, fruits and juices, low-fat dairy, and vegetables) mentioned in the recall; the DDS-R examined whether or not a recommended food was mentioned from each of the five major food groups. The independent association of the dietary pattern indexes with body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and serum concentrations of several biomarkers were examined using regression methods to adjust for multiple covariates. RESULTS: All indexes were strong independent positive predictors of serum concentrations of vitamin C, E, folate, and all carotenoids (p < or = 0.00001), except lycopene, and were negative predictors of BMI, serum homocysteine, C-reactive protein, plasma glucose, and hemoglobin A1C (p < 0.05). The RFS and DDS-R were inversely associated with blood pressure and serum cholesterol (p < or = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The RFS and DDS-R performed as well or better than the HEI for predicting serum concentration of nutrients and biomarkers of disease risk. |
CS | N no corr of serum [lyco] with F.I. |
||||
| Food intake patterns | Chaiter Y | Dietary intake of carotenoid isomers in Israel. Chaiter Y, Rennert G, Fischler R, Rennert HS, Rozen G, Gruber SB, Amotz AB. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2007 Nov;77(6):398-405. |
2007 | Controversy exists regarding the possible protective role of carotenoids against cancer. Evidence is mainly against all-E-beta-carotene, while there is no evidence against other carotenoids or against mixtures of beta-carotene stereoisomers. Carotenoid isomers could account for the variability in study results but are rarely estimated, and reference to the degree of their consumption is lacking. The aim of our study was to create a comprehensive database of carotenoid isomers content in food items commonly consumed in Israel. Food items were analyzed using a liquid chromatography system to determine the content of carotenoid isomers in Israeli food. The main sources of carotenoids detected in Israeli foods were tomato juice, tomato, watermelon, parsley, coriander, spinach, carrot, sweet potato, banana, zucchini, mango, loquat, pepper, eggplant, and chickpeas. Data were used to measure consumption in healthy participants of a case-control study, using a semi-quantitative food-frequency 187-item questionnaire. Compared to reference studies, the median carotenoid isomers intake in 712 Israeli healthy controls (age range 23-95 years, mean 71 +/- 10.9 years, median 73 years) was higher for beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin, while the intake of lycopene was lower. Major differences in consumption were noticed between ethnic groups consuming Mediterranean diets and those consuming Western-type diets. Population consumption patterns of carotenoid isomers using a comprehensive database are used to improve our understanding in disease prevention. Consumption in Israel seems to be generally higher than that reported in studies conducted elsewhere, and varies by ethnic group. | CC | (-) ↓ lyco intake in this aged Israeli populatio n |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food intake patterns | Reyes-Ortiz CA | Acculturation and serum nutrients thought to be involved with cancer prevention among Mexican American men in the United States. Reyes-Ortiz CA, Ju H, Inniss A, Eschbach K, Kuo YF, Goodwin JS. Cancer Control. 2009 Apr;16(2):169-75. |
2009 | BACKGROUND: Mexican American men living in the United States who are more acculturated exhibit higher rates of cancer compared to those less acculturated. This study explored the association between acculturation and serum levels of nutrients thought to be involved with cancer prevention among Mexican American men. METHODS: Our sample included 2,479 Mexican American men from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Outcomes were serum levels of micronutrients. Acculturation in Mexican American men was assessed by a combined measure including country of origin, language of interview, and years of residence in the United States and was categorized as follows: (1) foreign-born, 0-5 years in the United States (lowest acculturation), (2) foreign-born, 6-15 years in the United States, (3) foreign-born, > 15 years in the United States, (4) US-born Spanish-speaking, and (5) US-born English-speaking (highest acculturation). RESULTS: Adjusted analyses showed that acculturation decreased the serum levels for vitamin E, vitamin C, and folate and also for some carotenoids (alpha and beta carotenes, beta cryptoxanthin, and lutein-zeaxanthin). By contrast, acculturation increased the serum levels for selenium and lycopene. CONCLUSIONS: With the exception of selenium and lycopene, acculturation among Mexican American men decreased the serum levels for most carotenoids and for vitamin E, vitamin C, and folate. These changes in nutrient profiles, reflecting altered patterns in food consumption or other behaviors, may explain in part why Mexican American men who are more acculturated have an increased risk for diet-related cancer. | CS | [Lyco] w/ aculturatio n | ||||
| Generalpopulation | Fraser GE. | Associations betweendiet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists. Fraser GE. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Sep;70(3 Suppl):532S-538S. |
1999 | Seventh-day Adventists are summarized. Most Seventh-day Adventists do not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol, and there is a wide range of dietary exposures within the population. About 50% of those studied ate meat products <1 time/wk or not at all, and vegetarians consumed more tomatoes, legumes, nuts, and fruit, but less coffee, doughnuts, and eggs than did nonvegetarians. Multivariate analyses showed significant associations between beef consumption and fatal ischemic heart disease (IHD) in men [relative risk (RR) = 2.31 for subjects who ate beef > or =3 times/wk compared with vegetarians], significant protective associations between nut consumption and fatal and nonfatal IHD in both sexes (RR approximately 0.5 for subjects who ate nuts > or =5 times/wk compared with those who ate nuts <1 time/wk), and reduced risk of IHD in subjects preferring whole-grain to white bread. The lifetime risk of IHD was reduced by approximately 31% in those who consumed nuts frequently and by 37% in male vegetarians compared with nonvegetarians. Cancers of the colon and prostate were significantly more likely in nonvegetarians (RR of 1.88 and 1.54, respectively), and frequent beef consumers also had higher risk of bladder cancer. Intake of legumes was negatively associated with risk of colon cancer in nonvegetarians and risk of pancreatic cancer. Higher consumption of all fruit or dried fruit was associated with lower risks of lung, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Cross-sectional data suggest vegetarian Seventh-day Adventists have lower risks of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and arthritis than nonvegetarians. Thus, among Seventh-day Adventists, vegetarians are healthier than nonvegetarians but this cannot be ascribed only to the absence of meat. | CS |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Generalpopulation | Olmedilla B | Serum concentrations ofcarotenoids and vitamins A, E, and C in control subjects from five European countries. Olmedilla B, Granado F, Southon S, Wright AJ, Blanco I, Gil-Martinez E, Berg H, Corridan B, Roussel AM, Chopra M, Thurnham DI. Br J Nutr. 2001 Feb;85(2):227-38. |
2001 | High intakes of fruits and vegetables, or high circulating levels of their biomarkers (carotenoids, vitamins C and E), have been associated with a relatively low incidence of cardiovascular disease, cataract and cancer. Exposure to a high fruit and vegetable diet increases antioxidant concentrations in blood and body tissues, and potentially protects against oxidative damage to cells and tissues. This paper describes blood concentrations of carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and retinol in well-defined groups of healthy, non-smokers, aged 25-45 years, 175 men and 174 women from five European countries (France, UK (Northern Ireland), Republic of Ireland, The Netherlands and Spain). Analysis was centralised and performed within 18 months. Within-gender, vitamin C showed no significant differences between centres. Females in France, Republic of Ireland and Spain had significantly higher plasma vitamin C concentrations than their male counterparts. Serum retinol and alpha-tocopherol levels were similar between centres, but gamma-tocopherol showed a great variability being the lowest in Spain and France, and the highest in The Netherlands. The provitamin A: non-provitamin A carotenoid ratio was similar among countries, whereas the xanthophylls (lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin) to carotenes (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene) ratio was double in southern (Spain) compared to the northern areas (Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland). Serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin were highest in France and Spain; beta-cryptoxanthin was highest in Spain and The Netherlands; trans-lycopene tended to be highest in Irish males and lowest in Spanish males; alpha-carotene and beta-carotene were higher in the French volunteers. Due to the study design, the concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins A, C and E represent physiological ranges achievable by dietary means and may be considered as 'reference values' in serum of healthy, non-smoking middle-aged subjects from five European countries. The results suggest that lutein (and zeaxanthin), beta-cryptoxanthin, total xanthophylls and gamma-tocopherol (and alpha- : gamma-tocopherol) may be important markers related to the healthy or protective effects of the Mediterranean-like diet. | CS | N | Characterization study | |||
| Generalpopulation | Subar AF | Comparative validation ofthe Block, Willett, and National Cancer Institute food frequency questionnaires : the Eating at America's Table Study. Subar AF, Thompson FE, Kipnis V, Midthune D, Hurwitz P, McNutt S, McIntosh A, Rosenfeld S. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Dec 15;154(12):1089-99. |
2001 | Researchers at the National Cancer Institute developed a new cognitively based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ). The Eating at America's Table Study sought to validate and compare the DHQ with the Block and Willett FFQs. Of 1,640 men and women recruited to participate from a nationally representative sample in 1997, 1,301 completed four telephone 24-hour recalls, one in each season. Participants were randomized to receive either a DHQ and Block FFQ or a DHQ and Willett FFQ. With a standard measurement error model, correlations for energy between estimated truth and the DHQ, Block FFQ, and Willett FFQ, respectively, were 0.48, 0.45, and 0.18 for women and 0.49, 0.45, and 0.21 for men. For 26 nutrients, correlations and attenuation coefficients were somewhat higher for the DHQ versus the Block FFQ, and both were better than the Willett FFQ in models unadjusted for energy. Energy adjustment increased correlations and attenuation coefficients for the Willett FFQ dramatically and for the DHQ and Block FFQ instruments modestly. The DHQ performed best overall. These data show that the DHQ and the Block FFQ are better at estimating absolute intakes than is the Willett FFQ but that, after energy adjustment, all three are more comparable for purposes of assessing diet-disease risk. | CS | FFQ's in Epi Studies for tool validation. |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Generalpopulation | Al Delaimy W.K. | Plasma levels of six carotenoids in nineEuropean countries: reportfrom the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Al-Delaimy WK, van KappelAL, Ferrari P, Slimani N,Steghens JP, Bingham S,Johansson I, Wallstrom P,Overvad K, Tjonneland A,Key TJ, Welch AA, Buenode-Mesquita HB, PeetersPH, Boeing H, Linseisen J, Clavel-Chapelon F, Guibout C, Navarro C, Quiros JR, Palli D, Celentano E, Trichopoulou A, Benetou V,Kaaks R, Riboli E. Public Health Nutr. 2004 Sep;7(6):713-22. |
2004 | BACKGROUND: In addition to their possible direct biological effects, plasma carotenoids can be used as biochemical markersof fruit and vegetable consumption for identifying diet-disease associations in epidemiological studies. Few studies havecompared levels of these carotenoids between countries in Europe. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the variability of plasma carotenoid levels within the cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). METHODS: Plasma levels of six carotenoids--alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin--were measured cross-sectionally in 3043 study subjects from 16 regions in nine European countries. We investigated the relative influence of gender, season, age, body mass index (BMI), alcohol intake and smoking status onplasma levels of the carotenoids. RESULTS: Mean plasma level of the sum of the six carotenoids varied twofold between regions (1.35 micromol l(-1) for menin Malmo, Sweden vs. 2.79 micromol l(-1) for men in Ragusa/Naples, Italy; 1.61 micromol l(-1) for women in The Netherlands vs.3.52 micromol l(-1) in Ragusa/Naples, Italy). Mean levels of individual carotenoids varied up to fourfold (alpha-carotene: 0.06micromol l(-1) for men in Murcia, Spain vs. 0.25 micromol l(-1) for vegetarian men living in the UK). In multivariate regressionanalyses, region was the most important predictor of total plasma carotenoid level (partial R(2)=27.3%), followed by BMI(partial R(2)=5.2%), gender (partial R(2)=2.7%) and smoking status (partial R(2)=2.8%). Females had higher total carotenoid levels than males across Europe. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma levels of carotenoids vary substantially between 16 different regions in Italy, Greece, Spain, France, Germany, the UK, Sweden, Denmark and The Netherlands. Compared with region of residence, the other demographic andlifestyle factors and laboratory measurements have limited predictive value for plasma carotenoid levels in Europe. |
CS | |||||
| Generalpopulation | Bingham S | Diet and cancer--theEuropean Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Bingham S, Riboli E. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004 Mar;4(3):206-15. |
2004 | Diet is thought to be one of the most important contributing factors to cancer risk. The contribution of diet to cancer is linked to genetic factors, and uncovering the details of this linkage requires that very large studies be carried out over long time periods, with a detailed analysis of food intake. For this reason, the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition — a study of over 500,000 people in 10 European countries — was devised, to investigate the relationship between diet, metabolic and genetic factors, and cancer. How will this study be run, and will it be able to avoid some of the problems of measurement error that were previously encountered with other dietary studies? | PC |
